一、考研英语大纲对新题型的规定：

本新题型涉及一篇阅读文章，该文章的总长度为500-600个单词，文章当中有5处句子或段落缺失，缺失处分别标以数字41)-45)。在文章后面提供A、B、C、D、E、F、G总共7个备选项，其中有五个可以放到原文的空缺处，使原文内容完整连贯。考生不仅要选出这5个正确选项，还要把正确选项按照正确的顺序填入41)-45)这5个空缺内。

二、新题型与传统阅读理解的差异：

传统的阅读理解考试，侧重考察考生对原文信息性内容准确的理解能力，而且备选项虽然有四个，但是正确选项只有一个；新题型的阅读理解，即完型填句(段)，考察考生对文章结构性内容的准确把握，侧重点放在文章的总体结构、单句与单句之间、单句与段落之间、段落与段落之间的关系，以及更高层次的语篇分析能力，如连贯性、一致性、文体特征、写作思路等，而且备选项多达7个，而正确选项只有5个，要求考生有效排除两个干扰项以进行差额选择，无疑就增加了难度。

三、新题型的解题技巧：

很多考生对新题型感到无从下手，其实大可不必慌张，因为任何英语考试题型都逃不出英语语言本身所具有的规律。因此，本文将从语言本身的规律入手，进行详细的分析和技巧指导。

(一)总体思路的确立：广大考生在备考新题型之前就应该培养这样一种思路：即填到原文中五个空白处的句子必然和空白处的上文和下文构成最佳关联。所谓最佳关联就是能让句子填到空白处以后，能让上下文实现最符合逻辑的意义。不妨先来做个简单的练习：

题干：口渴

题目：请在以下选项中挑出你认为与题干具有最佳关联的一个选项：

选项：A. 汉堡 B. 鸡腿 C. 话梅 D. 可乐 E. 瓜子

如果上面的题目你能选择正确出D选项最为答案，那么通过合理的训练，你就可以得心应手地解决新题型的问题。(能与“口渴”构成最佳关联的必然是与水源有关的内容，可乐是最直接的关联，虽然我们也有“望梅止渴”一说，但是从话梅到刺激唾液分泌再到解渴的关联链接要长过通过水直接解渴的关联链接，因此可乐是最佳关联。)

(二)上下文关联的种类：既然是寻找最佳关联，就需要从语言本身规律入手，确定到底英语中有哪些中常见的关联模式，并透彻掌握这些关联模式是怎样得到具体实现的。以下就通过实例用相当的篇幅详细介绍英语中的关联模式和实现手段：

1.关键词重现的关联：如果一个句子与另外一个句子、一个句子与另外一个段落或一个段落与另外一个段落都包含共同的关键词汇，那么他们之间具有最佳关联，而这种最佳关联通过该关键词的重现而实现。同时要注意能与上文和下文重现的关键词数目越多则关联越紧。请看以下的例子：

例：After the Civil War, the South suffered from both economic hardship and drastic social change. ____1____ During the post-Civil War era, the Klan was very popular among southern whites.

[A] These changes were brought out by the quick abolition of slavery, on which most Southern slave owners depend to make a living and expand their wealth. When their profits dramatically dropped, they harbored profound hatred against the slaves and the north.

[B] For centuries, the south had relied on slaves to harvest crops at plantations. When the slaves were freed, the plantations weren’t being worked on anymore, causing the owners to lose a lot of money. When this happened, six former Confederate soldiers started a hate group called the Ku Klux Klan.

解答：能让1处与上下文都构成最佳关联的选项是B。因为虽然A选项与1前面的句子有两个关键词重现关联，却没有与1后面的句子相同的关键词；而B选项虽然只有the south与上文构成关键词重现，但同时还有Ku Klux Klan与下文中的Klan构成关键词重现，因此B选项与原文上下文的关联程度要超过A选项与上下文关联的程度，因此成为最佳选项。

技巧点拨：不管A选项中到底有多少个关键词与上文关键词构成重现，其关联程度都不能超过B，即便B选项只有一个关键词与上文关键词构成重现，只有一个关键词与下文关键词构成重现。

2.代词指代关联：英语中为了保持上下文的连贯性同时又避免不停地重复某些词汇或内容，就往往采用代词指代前文提到的相关词汇或内容，因此，下文的代词必然在上文中找到指代对象，而且能够使上下文意思连贯、正确。

例1：In order to establish a more effective corporate management system, the board of directors are virtually racking their brains. Even though tons of plans are sketched out by various consultant firms, none seem to be satisfying enough. ___2___. But this huge project, said CEO of the company, will not be completed until next year.

[A] These have cost the company millions of dollars already and whether they will work is still up in the air.

[B] They are either failing to take enough human-feelings into consideration or to allow for too much emotion to get in the way.

[C] So they decided to use their so-called “old and rotten brains” to come up with a comprehensive, and satisfying-all-needs managerial plan.

[D] The president of the board, however ,seems to be quite optimistic that they can solve the problem in the near future.

解答：能让2处与上下文产生最佳关联的选项是C。C中的代词they和their指代上文中的directors，而下文提到的“this huge project”又是指代C中的“a comprehensive, and satisfying-all-needs managerial plan”。A选项中的these和they都用来指代上文中的plans，没有与下文的关联；B选项中的“they”也指上文中的plans，也没有与下文的关联。

例2： It would do a great deal of good if we started using the term ‘guide’ or ‘advisor’ instead of ‘teacher’ for those who try to help people learn foreign languages. It would emphasize that what learners need is individual attention. It would also remind everybody that the responsibility for learning is basically the students’. What the students needs is somebody who can do two things.

分析：在以上的段落中it出现了三次，第一次出现在文章开头，显然是形式主语；第二个和第三个都是用来指代上一句中提到真正的主语的内容，即“把帮助人们学习外语的人称作“向导”或“顾问”，而不是“老师”这种做法。

技巧点拨：以下是一些常考的代词及其指代内容。

they：往往用来指代上文中提到的可数的复数名词，多数指人；

ones：往往用来代替上文中提到的可数的复数名词以避免重复；

these、those：往往用来指代上文中提到的可数的复数名词，多数指物；

this、that、it：往往用来指代上文中提到的单数可数名词，多数指物；有时用来指代上下文中提到的某件事或某个概念或某种现象等。

another: 通常暗示在上文中必然谈到another 后面叙述的同样内容，比如，看到选项中包含句子“Another difficulty that we are facing right now is the lack of evidence”，必然在上文中寻找对其他difficulty进行论述的部分。

★小技巧：使用代词的选项通常都不能放在文章的开头位置，因为没有上文就不能找到指代对象。如果代词it一旦出现在全文的开头，那么它通常是用作形式主语，因此考生要尽力去准确找到真正的主语是什么内容。

3.同义转化关联：有时候，在英语中为了避免不停地使用同一个词汇，为了增加语言的变化，作者会使用不同的词汇来表达相同的内容，因此使上下文的关键信息形式不同、含义相同的关联手法被称作同义转化关联。

例： One of the fist things we try to find out about a person is what his job is. I suppose the reason is that it helps us to define his status. I cannot deny that I am just as curious about people’s jobs as the next man. ___3___ The trouble is that we often choose a career for the wrong reasons….

[A] But the next man is never hesitating in talking about other people’s jobs, I am.

[B] But I am not so much interested in what a man does as how he came to choose that particular line of work in the first place.

[C] Normally we don not have trouble predicting a man’s job by his dress and the way he talks.

[D] In most cases, one’s choice of one’s jobs is determined by such a diversity of factors as one’s education, one’s family, and one’s ideology.

解答：能让3处与上下文都产生最佳关联的选项是B。B选项中的interested in和上文中be curious about构成同义转化关联，particular line of work与下文中的a career构成同义转化关联。同时B选项中的choose和下文中的choose构成关键词汇重现关联。A、C、D与上下文的关联性都远远弱于B选项。

技巧点拨：由于同义转化关联在英语篇章中的出现频率相当高，所以在准备考研的过程中，要特别注意积累同义词汇，把意思相同或相近的表达法进行经常性的归纳和总结，对答对这类题型具有至关重要的作用。比如：dedicate to==devote to==commit to; indifferent==apathetic; etc.

★真情提示：这种同义转化关联在传统的阅读理解题型中几乎是答对每一道题目的关键，所以任何考生花相当的经历积累同义词汇对考研阅读有举足轻重的意义。

4.副词关联：英语中很多副词本身就具有对上下文内容的隐含提示，当选项中出现这些副词时，预示上文或下文必然要谈论某些特定内容，这种关联属于副词关联。

技巧点拨：当看到选项中说“We also find it impossible to prove what he has claimed is wrong, even though it obviously is”。其中“also”暗示前文必然在讲其他我们不可能做到的事情。如果看到选项说“Moreover, the scientists find the benefits of this kind of therapy go far beyond a quick recovery”，预示上文必然谈到“quick recovery”，而下文必然再继续讲这种therapy的其他benefit，因此可以立即帮助考生在原文定位。常见的类似副词有furthermore, besides, in addition 等，他们都暗示后文要进行补充说明。

5.连词关联。连词是英语语篇中最常见的关联手段，而正是这些连词，使得上文和下文产生了语义上的转折、递进、并列、让步、条件的具体语义。因此，这个项目是最为纷繁复杂的内容，需要考生用心记忆并在大量阅读中仔细体会这些连词的含义对上下文意义的预示作用。

(1)…A…＋but, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless等＋ …B…：预示B的语义要在A的语义基础上发生转折，语义甚至会完全与A相反。

(2)or; and; as well; as well as; both… and … ; not only… but also; either…or…; neither…nor…等：预示连词前后的内容在语义上是一致的、并列的、或性质相同的。

(3)…A…＋because; because of; due to; owing to; for the reason that; for; since; as; in that 等＋B: 预示B的内容是A的原因。

(4)…A… ＋so; therefore; result in; lead to; consequently; as a result; as a consequence; for this/that reason; contribute to等 ＋ B：预示B是A的结果。

(5)even though; though; even if; although; now that; ＋…A…, B：预示A与B之间是让步关系，即“虽然A，但是B”

(6)…A… ＋in order that; so that; so as to 等＋…B…：预示B是A的目的。

(7)if; only if; unless; as long as; so long as; provided that; on condition that等＋…A…, …B…：预示A是B发生或成立的条件。

(8)…A…＋in fact; indeed; actually; particularly; in particular; more importantly; most important of all; what really matters is; as a matter of fact等＋…B…：常常可能预示两种情况：第一，B的内容包含在A中，但是是A中最典型的，即二者是强调关系；第二，A的内容并不完全真实，B才是真正的情况，即二者是转折关系。

6.逻辑关联：

(1)主题关联：指上文和下文都是围绕同一主题展开的，这类关联往往由于主题的重复出现而呈现出关键词汇重现关联的特征。(例子详见基础训练篇Passage 18的第42题)

技巧点拨：这种类型的关联往往比较容易区分，通常情况下，全文只有某个段落在针对主题T进行叙述，而其他段落均没有涉及，就可以立即判定含有该主题T的选项只能放在该段落的空白处。当段落和选项出现以下特征时，常常可以考虑主题关联：

第一，以大写字母开头的专有名词，如UN, IMF等

第二，出现数字或货币符号，如$3 billion, ￥11.5 million,等

(2)一致关联：指上文和下文在逻辑上要保持一致，能够自圆其说。如，上文在就某种观点进行肯定论述，下文就要提供支持该观点的论据，或上文在就某种观点进行否定论述，下文所提到的内容也要否定该观点。但是一致关联很难单独出现，往往伴随关键词重现关联、同义转化关联、主题关联、代词指代关联等一起出现。(例子可以看对以上几种关联进行具体论述的部分)

(3)互补关联：英语当中，经常有一些词成对儿地出现，分别叙述一个问题的两个甚至多个不同方面，他们之间构成互补关联。当看到一个词的时候，应该立即想到另外一个词。

例：Matrix's first product is a memory chip—an easier design and manufacturing task than a full-blown microprocessor chip of the sort that provides the guts of a computer. __6.3__ That is well under a third of the price of comparable flash-memory cards. The principal disadvantage is that, unlike flash cards, it cannot be wiped clean for reuse. Matrix's chips can record data only once.

[A] But, while that solves one problem, it creates another. For making such a multistory chip is hard.

[B] But the real principal advantage of matrix's memory chip is cost. The 64 megabyte version, which can hold about two hours-worth of music, costs less than $10.

[C] For this obvious disadvantage, the multi-story chip is still under intensive research and experts say it still takes years before they are successfully marketed.

解答：能让6.3处与上下文产生最佳关联的选项是B。B选项提到了“principal advantage”，而下文提到“principal disadvantage”，二者谈论同一个事物的主要优点和缺点，构成互补关联；同时，B选项中提到cost，而下文提到price，构成同义转化关联。

技巧点拨：构成互补关联的内容通常都是一个事物的两个方面，而关键词汇往往是反义词，所以在准备考研中积累成对儿的反义词也是非常重要的。这些成对儿的反义词较多，常见的有：

advantage & disadvantage expensive & cheap the rich & the poor

developed & developing right & wrong rational & irrational等

(4)综述——分述关联：当上文对某种现象进行总括性说明，而下文进行举例论证或具体说明时，上下文的关系就是“综述——分述关联”。这种关联在议论文体和说明文体中经常出现。

例：Even as moralists and activists continue to debate homosexuality, many species casually practice it. 6.4 Human beings----a lot of them anyway----like to do it too, but of all the planet’s species, they’re the only ones who are oppressed when they try.

[A] So their arguments are comparatively pale in front of reality.

[B] Many have put different animals in the lab for experiments.

[C] Giraffes do it; goats do it, birds and dolphins do it.

[D] Even if some animals don’t, they only represent a minority.

解答：C选项与7.4处构成最佳关联。因为上文说“很多物种都在随便地进行着这种行为”，而C选项说“长颈鹿这样做，山羊这样做，鸟类和海豚这样做”，而下文提到“人类——很多人类——也喜欢这样做”，正好对上文的“很多物种”进行具体列举，构成了“综述——分述关联”。

技巧点拨：“综述——分述”关联常常在议论文中提出观点的地方出现：作者提出观点以后，为了支持观点，往往提出实例进行论证；也会出现在说明文中提出新的概念或下定义的地方：当作者提出某种新的概念或定义，为了帮助读者更好地理解，往往举出具体内容帮助说明。这种题目的综述部分往往出现在文章或段落的开头，而且综述往往采取定义式，即“A is B”或“A does B”的结构。而分述部分常常具有以下特点：

第一，常常包括举例或列决词汇，如for example, such as, like, for instance, take……as an example, a case in point is……, namely, that is, etc, and so on, 等等；

第二，常常采取相同的句式；

第三，常常出现特殊标点符号，如分号“；”

第四，常常有人名、地名等专有名词或表示类别的名词出现；

(5)具体——总括关联：是上面谈到的“综述——分述”关联的逆关联，也就是上文先进行具体论述，最后用一句话或一个段落进行总结。这种关联也多用于议论文体和说明问题当中。

例：__6.5__ Unforeseen events and accidents aside, the evidence is now strongly in favor of the appointment of internal candidates to succeed the departing chief executives of big companies. This should mean that boards which turn to outsiders should have to give shareholders compelling arguments for doing so.

[A] This could be made worse if the search drags on, like the long-drawn-out affair at Walt Disney. There Michael Eisner, its deeply entrenched boss, was forced to give up the chairmanship by dissatisfied shareholders in March and has said he will step down as CEO when his contract ends in September 2006.

[B] Even when succession planning works triumphantly, however, it can be undermined by accidents. McDonald's boss, Jim Cantalupo, died of a heart attack in April this year while attending a company convention. Within hours the board had replaced him with their pre-agreed successor: Charlie Bell, a 43-year-old Australian. But Mr Bell almost immediately had to undergo surgery for cancer from which he has not yet fully recovered.

[C] They found that, other things being equal, relay succession produces a significantly better financial performance than the alternatives—selecting an outsider, who inevitably lacks knowledge of the firm, or holding a competition between internal candidates.

解答：能让7.5处与下文产生最佳关联的选项是B。B选项说“麦当劳老板Jim在参加公司会议时死于心脏病；继任的Charlie没多久就不得不进行癌症手术，现在都没有完全康复”，而下文第一句就说“这些意想不到的事情和意外先放在一边不谈……”，正好概括了B叙述的情况，即“无法预见的意外”。

技巧点拨：“具体——总括”关联中的总括性内容往往出现在一段文字和一篇文章的结尾位置，而具体内容往往涉及人名、地名等专有名词。